Ātman (Hinduism)

In Hinduism, Ātman (Sanskrit: आत्मन्) refers to the individual self, soul, or essence. It is often translated as "self," but encompasses more than the Western concept of the individual ego. Understanding Ātman is central to many schools of Hindu philosophy, particularly Vedanta.

Ātman is considered to be eternal, unchanging, and ultimately identical to Brahman, the ultimate reality or universal soul. The realization of this identity is the goal of spiritual practice and liberation (moksha) in many Hindu traditions.

Different schools of Hinduism hold varying views on the nature of Ātman and its relationship to Brahman.

• Advaita Vedanta: This non-dualistic school emphasizes the complete identity of Ātman and Brahman. The perceived separateness of the individual self is considered an illusion (maya) caused by ignorance (avidya). The ultimate goal is to realize this non-difference and attain liberation.

• Vishishtadvaita Vedanta: This qualified non-dualistic school acknowledges the difference between Ātman and Brahman while maintaining that Ātman is an inseparable part of Brahman. The individual soul is a distinct entity but ultimately dependent on and connected to the Supreme Being.

• Dvaita Vedanta: This dualistic school emphasizes the eternal difference between Ātman and Brahman. The individual soul remains distinct from God throughout eternity, even after liberation.

The concept of Ātman is closely related to karma and reincarnation. The actions of the individual self in one lifetime determine the circumstances of its future lives until liberation is attained. Spiritual practices such as yoga, meditation, and devotion are aimed at purifying the mind and realizing the true nature of Ātman, ultimately leading to moksha. The nature of atman and its journey through samsara (the cycle of birth and death) are central themes in Hindu scriptures such as the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, and the Brahma Sutras.