Zhao An

Zhao An (招安), meaning "to pacify and enlist" or "to offer amnesty and incorporate," is a historical Chinese term referring to the act of offering amnesty and official positions to rebels, bandits, or other outlaws in exchange for their surrender and integration into the government's forces or administration. This policy was often employed by imperial governments throughout Chinese history as a means of quelling rebellions, restoring order, and augmenting the existing military or bureaucratic ranks.

The primary motivation behind Zhao An was typically a pragmatic one: to end costly and protracted conflicts without resorting solely to military suppression. It offered a path to resolution that could save resources, reduce casualties, and potentially bring skilled or influential leaders and their followers into the service of the state. Success often hinged on the credibility of the offer, the perceived benefits for the rebels (such as land, rank, and protection from retribution), and the government's ability to uphold the terms of the agreement.

However, the Zhao An policy was not without its risks and drawbacks. Some argued that it legitimized rebellion, rewarded lawlessness, and could ultimately embolden future uprisings if not managed carefully. There was also the potential for newly integrated elements to remain loyal to their former allegiances or to introduce corruption and instability into the government. The success of Zhao An depended heavily on the specific circumstances of the rebellion, the character of the rebel leaders, and the competence and integrity of the officials responsible for implementing the policy. It has been prominently featured in classic Chinese literature, such as the novel Water Margin ( Shui Hu Zhuan), where the Song government attempts to employ Zhao An towards the outlaw heroes of Liangshan Marsh.