Vigiles

The Vigiles, also known as the Cohortes Vigilum (Cohorts of Watchmen), were the firefighters and police of ancient Rome. Created by Emperor Augustus in 6 AD, they provided essential public services aimed at preventing and extinguishing fires, maintaining order, and providing a night watch.

Initially, the Vigiles were composed of freedmen. However, over time, freeborn citizens were also admitted to their ranks. The corps consisted of seven cohorts, each responsible for patrolling two of the fourteen regions of Rome. Each cohort was further divided into centuriae, commanded by a centurio. The entire force was under the command of a praefectus vigilum, an equestrian official appointed by the emperor.

The Vigiles were stationed in barracks (called excubitoria) throughout the city. Their primary duty was firefighting, utilizing a variety of tools and methods to combat blazes. They employed buckets, pumps, axes, and grappling hooks to pull down burning buildings and create firebreaks.

In addition to firefighting, the Vigiles also acted as a police force, patrolling the streets at night to prevent crime and maintain order. They dealt with minor offenses, apprehended thieves, and enforced curfews. They also played a role in locating and returning runaway slaves. Their jurisdiction was primarily limited to nighttime, with the urban cohorts ( cohortes urbanae) handling most daytime policing.

The Vigiles played a crucial role in the daily life and safety of Rome. Their presence provided a sense of security and contributed to the overall stability of the city. The institution of the Vigiles continued to exist well into the Late Roman Empire, serving as a vital component of urban administration.