Trehalase

Trehalase is an enzyme (EC 3.2.1.28) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of trehalose into two glucose molecules. Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide formed of two glucose molecules linked by an α,α-1,1-glycosidic bond. Trehalase is widely distributed in nature, found in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals.

Function:

The primary function of trehalase is to break down trehalose, a storage carbohydrate or cryoprotectant in various organisms. This breakdown releases glucose, which can then be used for energy production via cellular respiration or other metabolic pathways. In insects, trehalose is the major hemolymph sugar, and trehalase activity is crucial for maintaining glucose homeostasis. In fungi, trehalose acts as a protectant against stress, and trehalase is involved in its mobilization. In plants, trehalose and its metabolites play a role in stress tolerance and development.

Distribution and Location:

Trehalase is found in a wide range of tissues and organisms. In mammals, it is primarily located in the brush border membrane of the small intestine, where it aids in the digestion of trehalose ingested from food. It is also found in the kidneys and other tissues, although at lower levels. In insects, it is found in the gut, hemolymph, and other tissues. In fungi and plants, its location varies depending on the species and tissue type.

Clinical Significance:

Deficiency in trehalase in humans is a rare condition known as trehalase deficiency or trehalose intolerance. Individuals with this deficiency are unable to properly digest trehalose, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms such as bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain after consuming trehalose-containing foods (e.g., some mushrooms). The severity of symptoms can vary depending on the level of trehalase activity. Diagnosis is typically made through a trehalose tolerance test or intestinal biopsy. Treatment involves avoiding trehalose-containing foods.