Tongva

The Tongva (also known as Gabrielino) are an Indigenous people of California, primarily inhabiting the Los Angeles Basin and the Southern Channel Islands. Their traditional territory encompassed a vast area stretching from Topanga Canyon and Malibu in the west, to San Bernardino and the Santa Ana River in the east, and south to Aliso Creek. The name "Gabrielino" was given by the Spanish due to their proximity to the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.

The Tongva language, also called Tongva, Gabrielino, or Fernandeño, is a Uto-Aztecan language. It is considered extinct, though efforts are underway to revitalize it through language programs and community initiatives. Historical accounts and linguistic documentation provide valuable resources for this revitalization work.

Tongva society was characterized by a complex social structure including villages led by chiefs and a rich cultural heritage. They were skilled artisans, crafting intricate baskets, tools, and ceremonial objects. Their subsistence relied on hunting, gathering, and fishing, making use of the diverse resources available in their coastal and inland environments. Acorns were a staple food, requiring extensive processing to remove tannins.

The arrival of Spanish missionaries in the 18th century significantly impacted the Tongva people. Forced labor, disease, and cultural suppression led to a drastic decline in their population and disruption of their traditional way of life. Following Spanish rule, the Tongva experienced further displacement and hardship under Mexican and American administrations.

Despite these challenges, the Tongva people have maintained their identity and continue to advocate for their rights and recognition. Contemporary Tongva descendants are actively involved in preserving their cultural heritage, protecting sacred sites, and educating the public about their history and contributions. Several Tongva tribal organizations exist today, working to address the needs of their community and assert their sovereignty.