Symphony No. 40 (Mozart)

Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550, is one of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's best-known and most frequently performed symphonies. It was completed in Vienna on July 25, 1788, alongside Symphony No. 39 and Symphony No. 41 (the "Jupiter" Symphony). Notably, there is no record of its performance during Mozart's lifetime, although this is disputed by some scholars.

The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes (replaced by clarinets in the revised version), two bassoons, two horns, and strings. It consists of four movements:

• I. Molto allegro: A brisk and energetic movement in G minor, characterized by its iconic opening theme. The movement follows sonata form, featuring a dramatic development section and a recapitulation.

• II. Andante: A more lyrical and relaxed movement in E-flat major, offering a contrast to the intensity of the first movement. It is also in sonata form, though with a more subdued character.

• III. Menuetto: Allegretto – Trio: A graceful minuet in G minor followed by a contrasting trio in G major. The movement adheres to the traditional minuet and trio form.

• IV. Allegro assai: A fiery and passionate finale in G minor, driven by relentless energy. This movement is also in sonata form and brings the symphony to a powerful conclusion.

The symphony's emotional depth, elegant melodies, and masterful orchestration have made it a staple of the classical repertoire. It is widely regarded as one of Mozart's greatest achievements and a significant work in the development of the symphony as a musical form. Its melancholic tone, particularly evident in the first and last movements, has been interpreted in various ways, reflecting the complex emotions and artistic genius of Mozart. The absence of a dedication and lack of contemporary performance records continue to intrigue music historians and add to the symphony's mystique.