String Quintet, Op. 104 (Beethoven)

The String Quintet in C minor, Op. 104, by Ludwig van Beethoven is not an original composition, but rather a reworking of his earlier Piano Trio in C minor, Op. 1, No. 3. Composed around 1817-1818, it was published in 1819.

The quintet follows the standard four-movement structure:

1. Allegro ma non troppo: The first movement is characterized by its dramatic intensity and turbulent character, reflecting the C minor key.
2. Andante Minuetto quasi Allegretto: This movement, in E-flat major, serves as a contrasting lyrical interlude to the surrounding movements. The "Minuetto quasi Allegretto" marking suggests a tempo slightly faster than a typical minuet.
3. Allegro: The third movement returns to the intensity of the first, providing a bridge to the final movement.
4. Allegro molto e con brio: The finale brings a sense of resolution, though the C minor tonality retains a certain weight and seriousness.

The string quintet instrumentation consists of two violins, two violas, and a cello. Beethoven's adaptation from the piano trio involved redistributing the material and adding new lines to better suit the string texture and the inclusion of the extra viola. It is considered a significant work in the string quintet repertoire, though often overshadowed by his other more original compositions. Its origins as a piano trio should be considered when assessing its overall impact and innovative features.