Sallust

Sallust (Gaius Sallustius Crispus) (86 BCE – 35 BCE) was a Roman historian and politician. Born in Amiternum in the Sabine country, he is considered one of the earliest Roman historians to break with the traditional annalistic method. Sallust's works are characterized by their conciseness, dramatic style, and moralizing tone, often focusing on themes of corruption and decline within the Roman Republic.

Life and Career:

Sallust's early life is somewhat obscure, but it is known that he served as a tribune of the plebs in 52 BCE, a period of significant political upheaval in Rome. He was expelled from the Senate in 50 BCE, ostensibly on grounds of immorality, though this may have been politically motivated. After supporting Julius Caesar during the Civil War, he was reinstated and served as praetor in 46 BCE. Following this, Caesar appointed him governor of Numidia. He was later accused of extortion during his governorship, but escaped conviction, likely due to Caesar's influence. He retired from public life afterward, dedicating himself to writing history.

Major Works:

• The Conspiracy of Catiline (De Catilinae coniuratione): This monograph details the conspiracy of Lucius Sergius Catilina to overthrow the Roman Republic in 63 BCE. Sallust portrays Catiline as a corrupt and degenerate figure, while also exploring the broader societal issues that contributed to the conspiracy.

• The Jugurthine War (Bellum Iugurthinum): This work recounts the war between Rome and Jugurtha, the king of Numidia, in the late 2nd century BCE. Sallust uses the conflict as a vehicle to critique the corruption and ambition of the Roman aristocracy.

• Histories (Historiae): Only fragments of this work survive. It covered the period from 78 BCE to 67 BCE, following the death of Sulla. The surviving fragments suggest a more extensive and detailed historical account than his earlier monographs.

Style and Influence:

Sallust's writing style is notable for its archaizing language, brevity, and dramatic flair. He drew inspiration from Greek historians, particularly Thucydides, but developed his own distinctive voice. His works were influential on later Roman historians, including Tacitus. Sallust's emphasis on moral decay and the importance of virtus (virtue) resonated with readers concerned about the decline of the Roman Republic. His writings continue to be studied for their historical insights and literary qualities.