Ruthenium

Ruthenium is a chemical element with the symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like other platinum group metals, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals and is typically found in ores with other metals of the platinum group.

Properties: Ruthenium is a hard, silvery-white metal that is resistant to corrosion. It does not tarnish at room temperature. It exists in multiple oxidation states and forms a variety of compounds. Ruthenium metal is insoluble in acids but is attacked by fused alkalis. It has a high melting point and is a good electrical conductor.

Occurrence: Ruthenium is found in small quantities in platinum ores and is extracted as a byproduct of nickel refining. Significant deposits are located in North and South America, and in the Ural Mountains.

Applications: Ruthenium has a wide range of applications, including:

• Hardening Agent: Ruthenium is used as a hardening agent for platinum and palladium, improving their hardness and wear resistance.
• Electrical Contacts: It is used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to wear and corrosion.
• Catalysis: Ruthenium compounds are used as catalysts in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, isomerization, and oxidation.
• Electronics: Ruthenium dioxide is used in thick film resistors and hybrid circuits.
• Jewelry: It can be used in alloys for jewelry to enhance the hardness and wear resistance.
• Medicine: Some ruthenium complexes are being investigated for their potential use in cancer treatment.

History: Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Karl Ernst Claus, a Russian scientist, while examining residues from platinum ore from the Ural Mountains. He named the element after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Russia.

Isotopes: Ruthenium has seven naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes are also known.

Precautions: Ruthenium compounds should be handled with care. Some compounds are considered toxic.