Niʽaydah

Niʽaydah (Hebrew: נִדָּה) is a term in Judaism that refers to a woman during her menstrual period, and for a certain period following its cessation. During this time, a woman is considered ritually impure (טְמֵאָה, tameh) and is subject to specific restrictions, most notably physical contact with her husband.

The laws of niddah are rooted in the Torah, specifically Leviticus 15:19-30. These laws are interpreted and elaborated upon in the Talmud and subsequent Jewish legal codes like the Shulchan Aruch.

A woman becomes a niddah with the onset of menstruation. Following the cessation of her menstrual flow, she must count at least seven "clean" days (days without any menstrual spotting) known as shivah neki'im (שִׁבְעָה נְקִיִּים). During this time, she must wear white undergarments and check herself daily for any signs of blood. If no blood is found during these seven days, she immerses herself in a ritual bath (mikveh) at night, after which she is no longer considered a niddah and conjugal relations are permitted.

The duration of niddah varies among women. Factors such as the length of menstruation and the consistency of the seven clean days influence the overall time a woman is considered niddah. In cases of uncertainty or persistent spotting, a woman may consult with a rabbinical authority for guidance.

The laws of niddah are considered an important aspect of Jewish family life and are often viewed as promoting intimacy and respect within the marital relationship by establishing periods of abstinence followed by renewed connection. Observing these laws is seen by many as a mitzvah (commandment) and a way to sanctify the marriage.

While the observance of niddah is central to Orthodox Judaism, other Jewish denominations may have different interpretations and levels of adherence to these laws.