National liberation (Marxism)

National liberation, within the context of Marxism, refers to the process of a nation or people freeing itself from foreign domination, colonialism, imperialism, or other forms of external oppression. It is considered a crucial stage in the progression toward socialism and, ultimately, communism, particularly in societies that have been subjected to colonial rule or are considered semi-colonial.

The Marxist perspective views national liberation struggles as inherently linked to class struggle. Colonialism and imperialism are seen as expressions of capitalist exploitation, where dominant capitalist nations extract resources and labor from subjugated nations. Consequently, achieving true national liberation necessitates not only political independence but also the dismantling of capitalist structures and the empowerment of the working class and peasantry within the newly liberated nation.

Marxist theory posits that national liberation movements can be progressive forces in dismantling imperialist systems and advancing the global struggle against capitalism. However, there is a critical distinction between bourgeois nationalism, which aims to establish a national capitalist state, and revolutionary nationalism, which seeks to create a socialist or communist state. Marxists generally support the latter, viewing bourgeois nationalism as ultimately serving the interests of a new ruling class rather than achieving genuine liberation for the masses.

The role of the communist party or vanguard party is considered essential in leading national liberation movements along a socialist path. This party is tasked with uniting the working class, peasantry, and other oppressed groups to overthrow both foreign domination and internal capitalist forces. The party also plays a key role in establishing a socialist government and implementing policies aimed at achieving economic and social equality.

After liberation, the state may embark on a path of socialist development. The concrete policies that follow are contingent on a number of factors, including the particular local circumstances, the character of the previous colonial power, and the geopolitical environment. Some socialist states, for example, might embrace a mixed economy, while others might move more rapidly to nationalize the means of production.