National Treasure (Japan)

A National Treasure (国宝, kokuhō) is the most precious tangible cultural property in Japan, designated as such by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) based on the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. The term refers to objects of art, crafts, architecture, documents and archaeological finds considered of exceptional historical, artistic, or academic value to Japanese culture.

The designation system began in 1897 with the Ancient Shrines and Temples Preservation Law, and was initially primarily focused on religious structures. Over time, the scope expanded to include a wider range of cultural properties.

The current system was established in 1950, following the enactment of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. Under this law, tangible cultural properties are first designated as Important Cultural Properties (重要文化財, jūyō bunkazai). Those Important Cultural Properties deemed to be of particularly high significance are then designated as National Treasures.

Designation as a National Treasure places certain restrictions on the owner or caretaker regarding alterations, repairs, and transfer of ownership, and it provides for government funding to assist with their preservation and upkeep. The goal is to protect these significant cultural properties for future generations.

The definition encompasses a wide range of objects, from ancient swords and Buddhist statues to historical castles and classical texts. The designation serves not only to preserve these tangible objects but also to promote awareness and appreciation of Japan's cultural heritage.