Khandhaka

The Khandhakas are a significant portion of the Theravada Buddhist Vinaya Pitaka, the collection of texts concerning monastic rules. They are divided into two main sections: the Mahavagga and the Cullavagga.

The Mahavagga ("Great Division") focuses on the early history of the Buddhist Sangha (monastic community) and the establishment of many of the fundamental rules governing monastic life. Key topics covered in the Mahavagga include:

• The Buddha's enlightenment and early teachings.
• The admission of new monks into the Sangha.
• Rules regarding ordination.
• Regulations concerning food, clothing, and lodging for monks.
• Rules related to medicine and healthcare within the monastery.
• Procedures for dealing with disputes and offences among monks.

The Cullavagga ("Lesser Division") expands upon the rules and procedures outlined in the Mahavagga, addressing more specific situations and detailing the evolution of monastic practices. Notable topics covered in the Cullavagga include:

• Rules concerning women joining the Sangha (the establishment of the order of bhikkhunis).
• Procedures for formal meetings of the Sangha.
• Rules relating to discipline and punishment for monks who violate the Vinaya.
• Guidelines for resolving schisms within the monastic community.
• A historical account of the First and Second Buddhist Councils.

Collectively, the Khandhakas provide invaluable insights into the daily life, organization, and legal framework of the early Buddhist monastic community. They offer a rich source of information for understanding the evolution of Buddhist monasticism and the development of Buddhist doctrines. The Khandhakas are considered essential for the proper understanding and practice of the Vinaya by Theravada Buddhist monks and nuns.