Jongmyo
Jongmyo is a Confucian shrine in Seoul, South Korea, dedicated to the perpetuation of memorial services for the deceased kings and queens of the Joseon dynasty (1392–1897). It is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is considered a significant example of traditional Korean architecture and cultural practices.
Overview
Established in 1394 by King Taejo, the founder of the Joseon dynasty, Jongmyo embodies the principles of Confucianism, particularly the importance of ancestor worship and filial piety. The shrine houses spirit tablets of the deceased monarchs and their consorts, as well as meritorious officials. Ritual ceremonies, known as Jongmyo jerye, are performed regularly to honor these ancestors and seek their blessings.
Architecture
The architecture of Jongmyo is characterized by its simplicity, solemnity, and harmony with nature. The main halls, Jeongjeon (Main Hall) and Yeongnyeongjeon (Hall of Eternal Comfort), are long, low structures built of wood and feature minimal ornamentation. The horizontal lines of the buildings emphasize stability and respect for tradition. The surrounding landscape is carefully designed to create a peaceful and contemplative atmosphere. The buildings are constructed with natural materials and minimal alteration to the natural terrain, reflecting a Confucian respect for the environment.
Jongmyo Jerye
Jongmyo jerye is a grand state ritual performed to honor the royal ancestors. It involves elaborate music (Jongmyo jeryeak), dance (Ilmu), and offerings of food and wine. The ritual is performed by descendants of the royal family, court officials, and musicians. The music and dance are slow, deliberate, and dignified, reflecting the solemnity of the occasion. Jongmyo jerye and Jongmyo jeryeak are both designated as UNESCO Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.
Significance
Jongmyo is a significant cultural and historical site that represents the continuity of Korean tradition and the importance of ancestor worship in Korean society. It offers insights into the values, beliefs, and rituals of the Joseon dynasty and serves as a reminder of the importance of filial piety and respect for elders. The preservation of Jongmyo is crucial for understanding Korean history and culture.
Layout
The complex is divided into several sections, including:
- Jeongjeon (Main Hall): The primary hall where the spirit tablets of the most revered kings and queens are enshrined.
- Yeongnyeongjeon (Hall of Eternal Comfort): A supplementary hall where spirit tablets of less prominent monarchs and their consorts are housed.
- Jaegung (Royal Villa): A residence used by the king during his preparation for the ancestral rites.
- Mangmyoru (Looking-for-Parents Pavilion): A place for the king to reflect on his filial duties.
Visiting Jongmyo
Jongmyo is open to the public and offers guided tours in several languages. Visitors are expected to dress respectfully and maintain a quiet and reverent demeanor within the shrine. Special performances of Jongmyo jerye are held periodically, providing an opportunity to witness this important cultural tradition firsthand.