John J. McCloy

John J. McCloy (March 31, 1895 – March 11, 1989) was an American lawyer, diplomat, banker, and presidential advisor. Often referred to as the "Chairman of the Establishment," he held a variety of influential positions throughout his career, impacting American and international policy during World War II, the post-war reconstruction of Europe, and the Cold War.

McCloy served as Assistant Secretary of War during World War II, playing a key role in mobilizing the American war effort. He was involved in controversial decisions such as the internment of Japanese Americans and the selection of targets for atomic bombing in Japan.

Following the war, McCloy served as President of the World Bank (1947-1949) and then as United States High Commissioner for Germany (1949-1952). In this role, he oversaw the Allied occupation of West Germany and was instrumental in the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and its integration into the Western alliance. He granted clemency to several Nazi war criminals during his tenure.

Later in his career, McCloy became chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank (1953-1960) and chairman of the Council on Foreign Relations (1954-1970). He also served as an advisor to multiple U.S. presidents on national security and foreign policy matters. His involvement in numerous corporate boards and influential organizations solidified his reputation as a key figure in the American Establishment. His legacy remains complex, marked by both significant achievements and controversial decisions.