Grahana
Grahana (Sanskrit: ग्रहण) primarily refers to an eclipse, either solar or lunar, in Hindu astronomy and mythology. The term literally translates to "seizing," "holding," or "grasping," indicating the perceived capture of the sun or moon by a celestial entity or force during an eclipse.
Hindu Astronomy and Mythology: In traditional Hindu cosmology, eclipses are not merely astronomical events but are deeply intertwined with mythological narratives. Often, the demon Rahu is attributed to causing eclipses. According to legend, during the Samudra Manthana (churning of the ocean), Rahu disguised himself to drink the Amrita (nectar of immortality). Lord Vishnu, realizing the deception, beheaded Rahu. However, having consumed a drop of the Amrita, Rahu became immortal, albeit with a severed head. The head (Rahu) and the tail (Ketu) are considered shadow planets that periodically obscure the sun or moon, causing eclipses.
Religious Significance: Eclipses are considered inauspicious periods in Hinduism. During a Grahana, temples are often closed, and routine religious activities are suspended. Many Hindus observe a fast during the eclipse period and perform purification rituals after the eclipse ends. Charity and donations are also considered auspicious acts to perform during and after the eclipse. Pregnant women are often advised to take extra precautions to protect the unborn child from the perceived negative influences of the eclipse.
Different Types of Grahana: The term Grahana can be further specified based on the celestial body being eclipsed:
- Surya Grahana: Solar eclipse (Surya meaning Sun).
- Chandra Grahana: Lunar eclipse (Chandra meaning Moon).
Furthermore, eclipses are classified based on their visibility and magnitude, such as a partial eclipse (Khanda Grahana) or a total eclipse (Purna Grahana).
Modern Understanding: While traditional beliefs surrounding Grahana persist, many Hindus also understand the scientific explanation of eclipses, recognizing them as natural astronomical phenomena caused by the alignment of the Earth, Sun, and Moon. However, the religious significance and associated rituals continue to be observed by many.