Figure and ground (media)

In media arts, including visual arts, design, and film, figure and ground refers to the perceptual relationship between a subject (the figure) and its background (the ground). The figure is the element that stands out prominently and captures our attention, appearing to be in the foreground. The ground is the background against which the figure is perceived.

This concept is fundamental to visual perception and is related to Gestalt psychology principles. The way we perceive a composition often depends on how we distinguish between figure and ground. The relationship is not always fixed; it can be ambiguous or reversible, where the viewer's perception shifts between what is seen as the figure and what is seen as the ground.

Effective use of figure and ground helps to create visual clarity, establish focal points, and convey meaning. A strong figure-ground relationship ensures that the main subject is easily discernible and avoids visual confusion. Weak or ambiguous figure-ground relationships can be used intentionally to create visual interest, evoke specific emotions, or challenge the viewer's perception.

Factors influencing figure-ground perception include:

• Size: Smaller elements tend to be perceived as figures against larger backgrounds.
• Contrast: High contrast between an element and its background makes it more likely to be seen as the figure.
• Color: Differences in color can delineate the figure from the ground.
• Texture: Variations in texture can separate the figure from the ground.
• Shape: Distinct and well-defined shapes are more likely to be perceived as figures.
• Proximity: Elements that are close together tend to be grouped and may be perceived as a figure against a more distant ground.
• Common Region: Elements enclosed within a defined region are more likely to be seen as a figure.
• Orientation: Vertical or horizontal elements are more often perceived as figures than elements with unusual orientations.

Understanding and manipulating figure and ground is crucial for creating compelling and effective visual communication.