Cao Shen

Cao Shen (曹參; died 190 BC) was a prominent general and statesman of the early Han dynasty in China. He played a crucial role in the establishment of the Han dynasty, serving under Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu of Han).

Initially a subordinate official under Liu Bang, Cao Shen rose through the ranks due to his military prowess and strategic thinking during the Chu-Han Contention (206-202 BC), the civil war fought between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu for supremacy after the fall of the Qin dynasty. He participated in many key battles and contributed significantly to Liu Bang's ultimate victory.

After the founding of the Han dynasty, Cao Shen was appointed as a high-ranking official, eventually succeeding Xiao He as the chancellor (Prime Minister) of the Han empire. Notably, Cao Shen is renowned for his continuation of Xiao He's policies of wu wei (non-action) and minimal intervention in government. He maintained stability and prosperity by largely preserving the existing laws and regulations established by Xiao He, which allowed the people to recover from the years of war and rebuild their lives. This period of stability under Cao Shen's chancellorship is often praised in Chinese history. His adherence to Xiao He's established framework led to the saying "Cao Shen followed Xiao He's regulations" (曹參守蕭規), highlighting his commitment to maintaining continuity and avoiding unnecessary upheaval.