Bass Rock

Bass Rock is a steep, isolated volcanic island in the outer part of the Firth of Forth in eastern Scotland. Located approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 kilometers) offshore from North Berwick, it is uninhabited but historically held strategic importance and continues to be a significant site for wildlife.

The island is composed of a hard, resistant phonolite trachyte, which accounts for its distinctive shape and resilience to erosion. Its sheer cliffs rise dramatically from the sea, making it difficult to access.

Historically, Bass Rock served as a hermitage associated with Saint Baldred in the 8th century. Later, it was used as a fortress and state prison, housing notable figures such as Covenanters during the 17th century. The fortifications were eventually dismantled in the early 18th century.

Today, Bass Rock is renowned as one of the most important seabird colonies in the world, particularly for Northern Gannets. It hosts a massive breeding population, often exceeding 150,000 birds, making it the world's largest single-rock gannetry. Other bird species also nest on the island, including guillemots, razorbills, and puffins.

The island is currently owned by Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple and managed as a nature reserve. Access is restricted to protect the fragile ecosystem and minimize disturbance to the birdlife. Boat tours operate from North Berwick, offering views of the island and its avian inhabitants.