Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1416–1418) orders of battle

The Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1416–1418) was one of several conflicts between the kingdoms of Ava (Upper Burma) and Hanthawaddy (Lower Burma) during the 14th and 15th centuries. While precise, complete orders of battle are not available, the general composition and key leadership of the forces involved can be outlined based on contemporary chronicles and historical analysis.

Kingdom of Ava (Burma)

• Overall Commander: King Minkhaung I of Ava
• Army Composition: The Ava army was primarily composed of levied troops from the core Ava region, supplemented by contingents from vassal states and Shan principalities under Ava's control. Cavalry played a significant role, particularly in the drier terrain of Upper Burma. Infantry were armed with swords, spears, bows, and shields. Elephants were also utilized, though their effectiveness in the face of Hanthawaddy's defenses was limited.
• Key Leaders:
  • Minkhaung I (King of Ava)
  • Thihathu (Crown Prince, later King Thihathu) - likely held significant command roles.
  • Governors and lords of various regions owing allegiance to Ava - these individuals would have commanded troops from their respective areas. While specific names are not readily available for all participating figures, it's understood that nobles with local power bases contributed troops and leadership.

Kingdom of Hanthawaddy (Burma)

• Overall Commander: King Razadarit of Hanthawaddy
• Army Composition: The Hanthawaddy army was based on the Mon population of Lower Burma and included mercenaries from various regions, including those from the sea (likely referring to coastal raiders and mercenaries). The army was well-versed in siege warfare and defensive tactics, leveraging the fortified cities of the Irrawaddy Delta. War elephants were also a component of the Hanthawaddy forces. Naval strength was a crucial aspect of their defense.
• Key Leaders:
  • Razadarit (King of Hanthawaddy)
  • Binnya Dhammaraza (Crown Prince)
  • Laukpya (Prince, known for naval commands) - Hanthawaddy's strength lay in its riverine fleet.

Notes:

• Due to the limitations of historical records, specific unit designations, numbers of troops, and detailed command structures are generally unavailable for this period. The chronicles provide accounts of battles and strategies, but not exhaustive listings of troop deployments.
• The composition of both armies was fluid, with units being drawn from different regions and changing during the course of the war.
• Elephants were important military assets for both sides, used for shock value and command platforms.
• Hanthawaddy's naval strength was critical for defending its riverine routes and coastal areas.