Ambassadors and envoys from Russia to Poland (1763–1794)
This entry details the Russian diplomats who served as ambassadors and envoys to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the reign of King Stanisław August Poniatowski, from his election in 1764 until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. These representatives wielded significant influence over Polish affairs, often acting as de facto viceroys due to Russia's considerable military and political power in the region. The period is marked by increasing Russian interference in Polish internal politics, culminating in the complete dismantling of the Polish state.
Key figures included:
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Hermann Carl von Keyserling: Served as ambassador during the Interregnum following the death of Augustus III and played a role in the election of Stanisław August Poniatowski.
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Nikolai Repnin: One of the most influential ambassadors. Repnin aggressively intervened in Polish politics to secure Russian interests. He orchestrated the Repnin Sejm (1767-1768), which confirmed the "Cardinal Laws" guaranteeing the liberum veto and the election of future kings, further weakening the Commonwealth. He also played a role in the Confederation of Bar.
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Kacper von Saldern: Succeeded Repnin.
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Otto Magnus von Stackelberg: Another highly influential ambassador, Stackelberg continued the policy of interfering in Polish affairs. He orchestrated the Confederation of Targowica, which invited Russian intervention against the Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791. He actively worked to undermine reforms aimed at strengthening the Polish state.
These ambassadors served as instruments of Russian policy, which aimed to maintain Poland as a weak and dependent protectorate. Their actions contributed significantly to the political instability and eventual partitioning of Poland by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. Their influence was often exerted through bribery, intimidation, and the deployment of Russian troops. They were instrumental in suppressing any attempts at reform or resistance to Russian control, ultimately paving the way for the demise of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.