Ajam (maqam)

Ajam is a maqam in Arabic music theory and related musical traditions. It is categorized as a member of the family of maqamat considered to be based on the major scale. The root notes of Ajam are understood to correspond to the tonic or first degree of a major scale.

The characteristic interval pattern of Ajam is a sequence of two tetrachords, each having the structure tone-tone-semitone (T-T-S). The most common Ajam tetrachord is based on the root note C, D, E, F. The upper tetrachord is then typically transposed to start on G, giving the notes G, A, B, C. The full scale based on C then becomes C, D, E, F, G, A, B, C, mirroring the Western major scale.

The sayr (melodic development) of Ajam typically emphasizes the tonic and dominant areas. Melodic passages often move stepwise up and down the scale, and the fifth (dominant) of the scale is often used as a secondary point of emphasis. Modulation to related maqamat is possible, although the bright and joyous character of Ajam is usually maintained.

Ajam is associated with feelings of joy, triumph, and celebration. It is frequently used in festive occasions and to express feelings of optimism and grandeur. Due to its close relationship with the Western major scale, Ajam often sounds familiar and accessible to listeners unfamiliar with Arabic music theory.

Various derivations and related maqamat build upon the fundamental Ajam structure, including those with altered notes or different melodic development. Ajam is a foundational maqam from which many other derivative maqamat originate.