Yangism

Yangism, also known as "Every man for himself," was a philosophical school of thought that flourished in ancient China during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). It is primarily associated with the philosopher Yang Zhu (approximately 440 – 360 BCE). Due to the loss of most original texts, understanding of Yangism relies heavily on accounts and criticisms found in the writings of its rivals, particularly those of Mencius and Mozi.

Yangism advocated for the importance of individual life and self-preservation, prioritizing personal well-being over societal obligations and moral constraints. Its central tenet was wei wo (為我), often translated as "for myself" or "everyone for himself," although the exact interpretation of this phrase is debated.

Core Principles:

• Self-Preservation and Enjoyment of Life: Yangism emphasized the importance of cherishing one's own life and avoiding harm. This included prioritizing physical and mental well-being and seeking pleasure within reasonable bounds.
• Rejection of Self-Sacrifice: Yangists rejected the Confucian emphasis on benevolence, righteousness, and filial piety when these principles required personal sacrifice. They believed that no one should sacrifice their own happiness or life for the sake of others or abstract moral principles.
• Limited Government Intervention: While the extent of Yangism's political philosophy is unclear, it appears to have favored limited government intervention in individual lives, believing that excessive regulation could stifle personal freedom and enjoyment.
• Emphasis on Individual Autonomy: Yangists valued individual autonomy and the right to make personal choices without undue external pressure or societal expectation.

Criticisms and Decline:

Yangism faced significant criticism from other schools of thought, particularly Confucianism and Mohism. Confucians criticized its perceived selfishness and disregard for social harmony, while Mohists criticized its rejection of universal love and concern for the welfare of all.

The Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE), with its Legalist ideology, further suppressed Yangism, and by the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), it had largely disappeared as a distinct school of thought. However, its influence can be traced in later Daoist and individualistic philosophies.

Legacy:

Although Yangism itself did not survive as a distinct school, its emphasis on individual value and the rejection of self-sacrifice for abstract principles continues to be a topic of philosophical discussion. It offers a counterpoint to collectivist and altruistic ethical systems and raises important questions about the balance between individual rights and social responsibility.