Yang Zhu

Yang Zhu (c. 440-360 BCE) was a Chinese philosopher during the Warring States period. He is primarily known through criticisms and mentions of his philosophy by other thinkers, particularly Mencius and in the Liezi. Due to the fragmentary nature of the source material, reconstructing Yang Zhu's actual beliefs is difficult and subject to interpretation.

Traditionally, Yang Zhu is associated with a form of hedonism and egoism. He is often interpreted as advocating for prioritizing individual self-interest, enjoyment of life, and the preservation of one's own nature above all else, even to the detriment of society. This interpretation is largely based on passages in the Liezi and condemnations by Confucians, who viewed his philosophy as a dangerous rejection of social responsibility and moral obligation.

Key tenets often attributed to Yang Zhu include:

• "Each for himself": This emphasizes the importance of personal autonomy and self-reliance. Individuals should focus on their own well-being and not be unduly concerned with the affairs of others.
• Valuing life and avoiding harm: Yang Zhu is believed to have stressed the importance of cherishing life and minimizing pain and suffering. This included both physical and emotional distress.
• Acceptance of death: While valuing life, Yang Zhu also recognized the inevitability of death and encouraged acceptance rather than fear of it.
• Naturalness and spontaneity: Yang Zhu seemingly promoted living in accordance with one's natural inclinations and desires, rather than adhering to rigid social norms or artificial constraints.

However, modern scholars have offered alternative interpretations of Yang Zhu's philosophy. Some argue that his emphasis on self-interest was not necessarily a call for selfish behavior, but rather a recognition of the inherent value of each individual and the importance of respecting their autonomy. They suggest that his focus on personal well-being was intended to promote a more balanced and harmonious life, rather than unrestrained indulgence.

The ambiguity surrounding Yang Zhu's teachings continues to make him a subject of debate and interpretation. He remains a significant figure in the history of Chinese philosophy, representing a counter-current to the dominant Confucian and Mohist ideologies of his time. His philosophy raises fundamental questions about the relationship between the individual and society, the nature of morality, and the pursuit of happiness.