Theriaca (poem)

Theriaca is a long didactic poem by the Greek poet Nicander of Colophon, composed in hexameter verse in the 2nd century BCE. It is one of two surviving poems by Nicander, the other being Alexipharmaca. Theriaca focuses on the nature and effects of venomous creatures, particularly snakes, spiders, scorpions, and insects, and the symptoms and treatments for their bites and stings.

The poem is structured as a catalogue of venomous creatures, followed by detailed descriptions of the poisons they produce and their physiological effects on the human body. Nicander then provides a range of remedies, including herbs, minerals, and magical incantations, aimed at counteracting the venom.

Theriaca is notable for its encyclopedic scope and its reliance on both firsthand observation and earlier medical and pharmacological sources. Nicander draws upon the works of earlier writers, such as Theophrastus and Apollodorus, to compile a comprehensive treatise on venomous creatures and their antidotes. While not entirely scientifically accurate by modern standards, Theriaca offers valuable insights into ancient Greek understanding of medicine, toxicology, and the natural world.

The poem was highly influential in antiquity and the Middle Ages, serving as a key source for physicians and scholars interested in the treatment of poisoning. Translations and adaptations of Theriaca appeared in numerous languages, contributing to its widespread dissemination throughout Europe and the Middle East. The poem's influence can be seen in the writings of later medical authorities such as Galen and Dioscorides.