Spikedace

The Spikedace (Meda fulgida) is a small, ray-finned fish endemic to the Gila River basin in Arizona and New Mexico, United States. It is a member of the family Cyprinidae (minnows and carps). The Spikedace is a federally listed threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act.

Description:

The Spikedace is characterized by its slender, elongated body shape. It typically grows to a length of around 3 to 4 inches (7.6 to 10.2 cm). It possesses a slightly compressed head and a pointed snout. Its coloration is generally silvery to olive-green on the back, fading to silver or white on the sides and belly. During breeding season, males exhibit brighter coloration, often with orange or red tints on their fins and lower body. The dorsal fin is located approximately midway along the body. The scales are small and cycloid (smooth). A key identifying feature is the presence of a pronounced lateral line.

Habitat and Distribution:

Spikedace inhabit flowing waters of the Gila River basin, typically occupying moderate to high-gradient streams and rivers. They are adapted to clear, swift-flowing riffles and runs with rocky or gravel substrates. Historically, they were found throughout much of the Gila River system, but their range has been significantly reduced due to habitat degradation and competition with non-native species.

Ecology and Behavior:

Spikedace are opportunistic insectivores, feeding primarily on aquatic insects, larvae, and small invertebrates. They are active swimmers and typically found in schools. Spawning occurs in the spring and early summer, with females depositing eggs on gravel substrates in riffle areas. They have a relatively short lifespan, typically living only a few years.

Threats:

The Spikedace population has declined dramatically due to a variety of factors, including:

• Habitat Loss and Degradation: Dams, water diversions, channelization, and livestock grazing have altered stream flows and degraded spawning and rearing habitats.
• Introduction of Non-Native Species: Predation by and competition with non-native fish species, such as the Red Shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) and the Western Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), has significantly impacted Spikedace populations.
• Pollution: Agricultural runoff and other forms of pollution can degrade water quality and negatively impact Spikedace.
• Climate Change: Alterations in precipitation patterns and increased water temperatures can further stress Spikedace populations.

Conservation Status:

The Spikedace is listed as a threatened species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Recovery efforts include habitat restoration, removal of non-native species, and captive breeding programs. Designated critical habitat has been established to protect important Spikedace habitat areas.