Pudicitia

Pudicitia (Latin for "modesty" or "chastity") was a central concept in ancient Roman morality, specifically concerning female virtue and sexual behavior. It was more than simply avoiding sexual activity outside of marriage; it encompassed a woman's entire bearing, demeanor, and reputation. Pudicitia signified faithfulness to one's husband, a modest appearance, and a general avoidance of behavior that could bring dishonor to herself or her family.

The concept was personified as a goddess, also named Pudicitia. Shrines and temples were dedicated to her, most notably two temples in Rome. The original temple was traditionally said to have been founded by Lucretia, who famously committed suicide after being raped to preserve her pudicitia. This temple was open only to patrician women who had been married only once (univirae).

Later, a second temple was established for plebeian women, allegedly because patrician women were deemed to have sullied the original temple through unchaste behavior. This division highlights the societal pressures and class distinctions associated with the concept. While primarily associated with women, elements of pudicitia were also expected of Roman men, although the focus was different. For men, it primarily concerned avoiding excessive indulgence or effeminate behavior.

Loss of pudicitia could result in severe social consequences for a woman, including ostracism and damage to her family's reputation. The concept was therefore carefully guarded and policed through social norms and expectations.