Philemon und Baucis (Haydn)

Philemon und Baucis is a puppet opera (German: Marionettenoper) in one act by Joseph Haydn, composed in 1773. The libretto was written by Gottlieb Stephanie the Younger.

The opera is based on the classical myth of Philemon and Baucis as recounted in Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story tells of an elderly, impoverished couple, Philemon and Baucis, who are the only ones in their village to offer hospitality to disguised Jupiter and Mercury. As a reward for their kindness, the gods transform their humble cottage into a magnificent temple and grant them eternal life as priests within it. The impious villagers who refused hospitality are punished by a flood. Finally, they are granted their wish to die at the same moment, being transformed into intertwined trees guarding the temple.

Haydn composed the opera for performance at the Eszterháza palace, where he served as Kapellmeister for Prince Nikolaus Esterházy. It was originally intended as part of a series of puppet operas to entertain the Prince and his guests. The first performance took place on September 2, 1773.

The opera's music is characterized by its lightness, charm, and graceful melodies, typical of Haydn's style during this period. It is scored for a small orchestra and features a cast of four soloists: Philemon (bass), Baucis (soprano), Jupiter (tenor), and Mercury (tenor). While intended for puppets, the vocal demands are not diminished, and successful performances require skilled singers.

Philemon und Baucis is considered one of Haydn's most delightful and charming stage works, and it continues to be performed today, often in concert versions or staged with live actors instead of puppets. It exemplifies his ability to create engaging and emotionally resonant music, even within the constraints of the puppet opera genre.