Niwaki

Niwaki (庭木) is a Japanese term that translates literally to "garden tree." However, it encompasses more than just trees planted in a garden. Niwaki refers to the art and practice of pruning and shaping trees to resemble larger, more mature versions of themselves, or to create aesthetically pleasing forms and compositions.

The primary goal of niwaki is often to simulate the effects of age and the impact of natural elements on trees. This is achieved through careful pruning, shaping, and sometimes even manipulation of the bark and branches. Unlike topiary, which typically involves creating artificial shapes, niwaki seeks to enhance the natural form of the tree while imparting a sense of history and refinement.

Techniques used in niwaki include branch thinning, selective pruning to expose the trunk, and the use of wire or ropes to guide growth into desired shapes. The process can take years to master and requires a deep understanding of tree species, growth patterns, and aesthetic principles.

Niwaki are commonly found in traditional Japanese gardens (nihon teien), but the practice has also gained popularity outside of Japan. The aesthetic principles of niwaki emphasize simplicity, balance, and harmony with nature. The trees are meant to be observed and appreciated for their beauty and the artistry of their creation. The selection of the species of tree is also important, with pines, maples, and junipers being commonly used for niwaki due to their suitability for pruning and shaping. The context of the surrounding garden and environment informs the specific style and shaping of the niwaki.