Monodie

Monodie, from the Greek monōidia meaning "singing alone," refers primarily to an Italian vocal style of the early Baroque period (c. 1600-1640). Characterized by a single vocal line (solo voice) with basso continuo accompaniment, monodie emphasized clear declamation of the text and expressive melodic freedom. It represented a departure from the complex polyphony of the Renaissance, aiming instead to recreate the expressive power of ancient Greek drama.

Monodic compositions often featured ornamentation and improvisation by the singer, highlighting the emotional content of the lyrics. The basso continuo, typically played by a chordal instrument (such as harpsichord or lute) and a bass instrument (such as cello or bassoon), provided harmonic support and rhythmic foundation while allowing the vocalist to take center stage.

The development of monodie is closely associated with the Florentine Camerata, a group of intellectuals and musicians who sought to revive the dramatic power of ancient Greek tragedy. Key composers who wrote in the monodic style include Giulio Caccini, Jacopo Peri, and Emilio de' Cavalieri. Their experiments led to the development of early opera.

While the term "monodie" most often refers to this specific period and style, it can also be used more generally to describe any musical texture consisting of a single melodic line with accompaniment.