Hyōbanki
Hyōbanki (評判記), also rendered as Hyoban-ki, are a genre of Japanese biographical criticism, primarily focused on actors, courtesans, and artists. Flourishing during the Edo period, hyōbanki offered assessments of the subjects' talents, skills, appearances, and personal lives, often influencing public perception and professional success.
Key Characteristics:
- Biographical Criticism: Hyōbanki went beyond simple biographies, providing critical analysis and commentary on the subject's abilities and standing within their respective field.
- Categorization and Ranking: A common feature was the ranking of subjects. Actors, for instance, were often graded based on their performance styles, vocal quality, and audience appeal. Courtesans were assessed on their beauty, wit, artistic talents, and social skills.
- Edo Period Focus: The genre was most prevalent and influential during the Edo period (1603-1868), reflecting the rise of popular culture and the increasing interest in the lives of performers and artists.
- Influence on Popular Culture: Hyōbanki played a significant role in shaping public opinion and trends. Positive reviews could elevate an artist's career, while negative critiques could have detrimental effects.
- Variety of Subjects: While actors and courtesans were the most common subjects, hyōbanki also covered artists, calligraphers, and other figures in the arts.
- Authorship: The authors of hyōbanki varied, ranging from knowledgeable enthusiasts and theater critics to playwrights and even fellow performers.
- Print Culture: Hyōbanki were typically published as printed books, contributing to the burgeoning print culture of the Edo period.
- Social Commentary: They offered insight into social values and expectations of the time. By scrutinizing and ranking individuals, they illuminated the standards and ideals within specific subcultures.
- Emphasis on Style: Style of performance or presentation was heavily scrutinized, revealing the importance of prescribed forms and techniques in Edo period arts.