Hipparchus (cavalry officer)

A hipparchus (plural: hipparchi; Greek: ἵππαρχος) was a commander of cavalry in ancient Greece, particularly in the Classical and Hellenistic periods. The term literally translates to "master of horse" or "leader of horse."

Typically, a hipparchus commanded a hipparchia, a unit of cavalry that could vary in size depending on the city-state or kingdom in question. In some instances, a hipparchus commanded a single squadron, while in others they might have commanded larger formations comprising several squadrons.

The role of the hipparchus was crucial in Greek warfare, as cavalry provided vital reconnaissance, screening, and flanking capabilities. The hipparchus was responsible for the training, equipping, and deployment of their cavalry units. They needed to possess tactical acumen, horsemanship skills, and leadership qualities to effectively command their troops in battle.

In some city-states, such as Athens, the ten phylai (tribes) each contributed cavalry units. Each phyle's cavalry contingent would be led by its own hipparchus. A board of ten hipparchs collectively oversaw the entire Athenian cavalry force, ensuring its readiness and efficiency. One hipparchus from the board was selected as the hipparchos, holding a higher command and acting as the chief cavalry officer.

The position of hipparchus was generally held by wealthy and influential citizens who could afford the expense of maintaining their own horses and equipment, as well as possessing the social standing necessary to command respect and authority. The hipparchus played a significant role in the military and political life of the Greek city-states and Hellenistic kingdoms.