Esjufjöll

Esjufjöll is a central volcano located beneath the Vatnajökull ice cap in Iceland. It is part of the Grímsvötn volcanic system, although geographically distinct. Esjufjöll is characterized by its steep, jagged peaks, which are nunataks (mountains protruding from an ice field) formed by the surrounding glacier.

The volcano is primarily basaltic in composition, typical of Icelandic volcanism. However, eruptions from Esjufjöll are relatively infrequent compared to other volcanoes within the Grímsvötn system, such as Grímsvötn itself. Due to its location under a thick ice cap, eruptions from Esjufjöll typically result in significant glacial meltwater release, leading to jökulhlaups (glacial outburst floods). These jökulhlaups can pose a significant hazard to downstream areas.

The area around Esjufjöll is largely uninhabited, primarily due to its remote location and harsh environment. Scientific monitoring of the volcano is conducted to assess its activity and potential for future eruptions, which are crucial for mitigating risks associated with jökulhlaups. Research includes measurements of ground deformation, geothermal activity, and glacial ice thickness.