Callimachus (polemarch)

Callimachus (Greek: Καλλίμαχος) was an Athenian citizen who served as polemarch, one of the nine chief magistrates of ancient Athens, at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The polemarch was originally the commander-in-chief of the Athenian army, but by Callimachus's time, his military responsibilities had largely been superseded by the ten generals (strategoi), elected annually, each representing one of the ten Athenian tribes. The polemarch's role had evolved primarily to overseeing religious sacrifices and judicial matters concerning non-citizens (metics). However, in times of war, the polemarch still held a position of authority, particularly when the ten generals were divided in their opinions.

At Marathon, the ten generals were split five to five on whether to engage the Persian army or wait for reinforcements from Sparta. Miltiades, one of the generals, persuaded Callimachus to cast the deciding vote in favor of immediate battle. Callimachus, swayed by Miltiades' arguments regarding the strategic advantage of attacking while the Persians were vulnerable, voted to attack. This decision proved crucial in the Athenian victory.

During the battle itself, Callimachus led the right wing of the Athenian army, a position of considerable honor. He was killed in action during the battle, fighting bravely against the Persian forces. His sacrifice contributed significantly to the Athenian victory, which secured Athenian independence and had profound implications for the development of Western civilization. A statue was later erected in his honor, commemorating his bravery and leadership. His name is remembered primarily for his pivotal role in the Battle of Marathon and his decisive vote that led to the engagement.