Bhāva (Hinduism)

In Hinduism, Bhāva (भाव) is a complex term with multiple layers of meaning, generally relating to emotion, feeling, sentiment, disposition, intention, and mental state. It is a fundamental concept in various aspects of Hindu philosophy, aesthetics, and religious practice.

More specifically, Bhāva refers to:

• Emotion/Feeling: The most straightforward understanding of Bhāva is as an emotion or feeling. It encompasses a wide spectrum of feelings, from love and joy to sorrow and anger. These are not simply fleeting emotional states but rather more profound and lasting dispositions.

• Sentiment/Mood (in Aesthetics): In the context of Indian aesthetics, particularly in the Nāṭyaśāstra (a treatise on performing arts), Bhāva plays a crucial role. It refers to the emotional state that an artist (such as a dancer, actor, or musician) evokes in the audience. These Bhāvas are not merely representations of emotions, but rather are potent forces capable of transforming the audience's experience. Specific Bhāvas are considered foundational, and these evoke corresponding Rasas (aesthetic flavors) in the audience.

• Devotional Emotion: In devotional contexts (Bhakti), Bhāva takes on a special significance. It denotes the devotee's intense emotional connection and love for the deity. The quality and intensity of this Bhāva are seen as crucial to the success of one's devotion and spiritual progress. Different schools of Bhakti emphasize different kinds of Bhāva such as dāsya bhāva (servitude), sakhya bhāva (friendship), vātsalya bhāva (parental love), and mādhurya bhāva (romantic love).

• Mental State/Disposition: Bhāva can also refer to one's overall mental state or disposition. This includes one's tendencies, inclinations, and habitual patterns of thinking and feeling. This aspect is particularly relevant in disciplines like Yoga and Āyurveda, where understanding and managing one's Bhāva is essential for well-being.

• Intention/Purpose: In some contexts, Bhāva can also refer to intention or purpose. This meaning emphasizes the underlying motivation or aim behind one's actions.

The concept of Bhāva highlights the importance of emotional intelligence, self-awareness, and the cultivation of positive emotions in Hindu thought. It underscores that emotions are not simply passive experiences but are active forces that can shape our perceptions, behaviors, and ultimately, our spiritual destiny. Understanding and harnessing the power of Bhāva is therefore a key aspect of living a fulfilling and meaningful life in accordance with Hindu principles.