Banyan (clothing)

A banyan, also known as a morning gown, nightgown (though not necessarily worn to bed), or Indian gown, was a loose, comfortable dressing gown or informal coat worn by men in the 18th and early 19th centuries. It originated as a garment influenced by Asian robes and textiles, particularly those from India, which were increasingly available in Europe through trade routes.

The banyan was typically made of silk, velvet, cotton, or a combination of these. Patterns and colors varied widely, reflecting the wearer's personal taste and the availability of materials. Some were elaborately embroidered with floral or Oriental designs, while others were plainer. The cut was generally T-shaped, similar to a kimono, with wide sleeves and a loose fit, allowing for ease of movement. It was often worn over a shirt, waistcoat, and breeches, essentially functioning as a comfortable, indoor alternative to more formal attire.

Banyans were associated with scholarly pursuits, intellectual conversation, and informal sociability within the home. They were often worn while reading, writing, or receiving close friends and family. The banyan represented a relaxed and cultured lifestyle, a departure from the rigid formalities of public dress. The garment declined in popularity in the later 19th century as more modern forms of loungewear emerged, although it retains a historical significance in the context of 18th- and 19th-century menswear.