Ammonia (data page)
Ammonia is a chemical compound with the formula NH₃. At room temperature, it is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent odor. It is a common nitrogenous waste product of animal metabolism and an important precursor to many industrially significant compounds.
Properties:
- Chemical Formula: NH₃
- Molar Mass: 17.031 g/mol
- Appearance: Colorless gas
- Odor: Pungent, irritating
- Density: 0.73 kg/m³ (at 0°C, 1 atm) - Lighter than air
- Melting Point: -77.73 °C (-107.91 °F; 195.42 K)
- Boiling Point: -33.34 °C (-28.01 °F; 239.81 K)
- Solubility in Water: Very soluble. Aqueous solutions are alkaline.
- Acidity (pKa): ~38 (conjugate acid, ammonium ion, NH₄⁺)
- Basicity (pKb): 4.75 (at 25°C)
- Self-Ignition Temperature: 651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K)
- Decomposition Temperature: Above 450 °C
Production:
Ammonia is primarily produced via the Haber-Bosch process, which involves the direct combination of nitrogen and hydrogen gas under high pressure and temperature, using an iron catalyst.
Uses:
Ammonia is a versatile chemical with a wide range of applications, including:
- Fertilizers: A major component in the production of nitrogenous fertilizers.
- Refrigerant: Used as a refrigerant gas in industrial refrigeration systems.
- Cleaning Agent: Used in household and industrial cleaning products.
- Manufacturing: Used in the manufacture of plastics, explosives, textiles, and other chemicals.
- Water Treatment: Used to control pH and disinfect water supplies.
- Pharmaceuticals: Used in the synthesis of various pharmaceutical products.
Safety:
Ammonia is a toxic and corrosive gas. Exposure can cause irritation to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. High concentrations can be fatal. Proper handling and ventilation are essential when working with ammonia. It is also flammable in certain concentrations in air.