Zama zama

Zama zamas are illegal miners in South Africa, often working in abandoned or disused mines. The term is Zulu in origin and roughly translates to "those who try their luck" or "those who keep trying." They are typically impoverished individuals, often from neighboring countries such as Lesotho, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique, who are drawn to the prospect of finding gold and other precious minerals in order to support themselves and their families.

The work of zama zamas is extremely dangerous. They face risks such as mine collapses, explosions, toxic gas exposure, and violence from rival gangs and security forces. They often live in harsh conditions underground for extended periods, lacking basic necessities like clean water and proper sanitation.

The presence of zama zamas creates a complex set of challenges. It results in environmental damage due to unregulated mining practices, loss of revenue for legitimate mining companies, and increased crime rates in surrounding communities. Efforts to address the issue have been multifaceted, including law enforcement operations, attempts to formalize artisanal mining, and socio-economic development programs aimed at providing alternative livelihoods. However, the problem persists due to the underlying poverty and lack of economic opportunities that drive individuals to engage in illegal mining.