Wu Feng (Qing dynasty)

Wu Feng (吳鳳, also known as U Fong), was a Han Chinese interpreter (Tongshi, 通事) during the Qing dynasty in Taiwan. He is associated with a legend claiming he sacrificed himself to end headhunting practices among the Tsou indigenous people of Alishan.

Historical Context:

During the Qing Dynasty's rule over Taiwan (1683-1895), the government relied on interpreters like Wu Feng to mediate between the Han Chinese settlers and the island's indigenous populations. These interpreters held significant influence due to their linguistic skills and ability to negotiate trade and resolve disputes.

The Legend:

The popular legend surrounding Wu Feng states that he was a benevolent official who tried to persuade the Tsou people to abandon their headhunting traditions. He argued that the practice was barbaric and detrimental to peace and prosperity. When his pleas failed, he devised a plan. He promised the Tsou that if they ambushed and killed the next Han Chinese man who passed by in red clothing, they would be appeasing the spirits and bringing good fortune. Wu Feng himself then donned red clothing and rode along the path, knowingly sacrificing himself. Seeing that it was Wu Feng whom they had killed, the Tsou were supposedly struck with remorse and vowed to end headhunting.

Controversy and Reinterpretation:

The Wu Feng legend has been subject to much debate and reinterpretation. Modern historians and scholars have questioned the historical accuracy of the legend and criticized it for promoting a paternalistic and Sinocentric view of indigenous peoples. The story has been seen as reinforcing Han Chinese cultural superiority and justifying colonial control.

Removal from Textbooks:

Due to these criticisms, the story of Wu Feng was removed from Taiwanese school textbooks in the late 20th century. This decision reflected a broader shift towards recognizing indigenous rights and promoting a more balanced and inclusive understanding of Taiwanese history.

Contemporary Significance:

While the Wu Feng legend is no longer taught as historical fact, it remains a significant cultural symbol. It illustrates the complex and often fraught relationship between the Han Chinese and indigenous populations in Taiwan's history. The story continues to be a subject of discussion and debate, prompting reflection on issues of colonialism, cultural identity, and historical representation.

Alternative Perspectives:

Some scholars argue that the legend might have originated from a misunderstanding of actual historical events or that it was deliberately crafted to serve the interests of the Qing government. They suggest that the emphasis on Wu Feng's self-sacrifice obscures the agency and perspectives of the Tsou people themselves. Further research into the oral histories and traditions of the Tsou is needed to gain a more complete understanding of the events surrounding the Wu Feng legend.