Fathers and Sons (short story)

Fathers and Sons is a short story by Ivan Turgenev, originally published in 1862. It is considered one of the most important works of Russian literature and a defining text of the Russian realist tradition.

The story explores the growing divide between generations in 19th-century Russia, particularly the conflict between the older, aristocratic generation and the younger generation embracing new radical ideas. The central character is Arkady Kirsanov, a recent university graduate who returns to his family estate with his friend, Bazarov.

Bazarov, a nihilist and aspiring physician, becomes the focal point of the generational clash. He rejects all traditional values, societal norms, and established authority, advocating for scientific materialism and radical social change. His nihilistic views are met with varying degrees of incomprehension and hostility by the older Kirsanov generation, particularly Arkady's father, Nikolai Petrovich, and his uncle, Pavel Petrovich.

The story examines themes of love, loss, social change, and the search for meaning in a rapidly evolving society. It depicts the struggles of individuals to adapt to new ideas and the tensions that arise between tradition and progress.

The novel's initial reception was controversial, with both conservatives and radicals criticizing Turgenev's portrayal of their respective ideologies. Despite the initial backlash, Fathers and Sons has endured as a significant commentary on the social and intellectual climate of 19th-century Russia and a powerful exploration of universal human experiences.