Seed fly

Seed fly refers to a group of flies, generally belonging to the family Anthomyiidae, whose larvae feed on the seeds of plants, particularly those of cereal crops, vegetables, and grasses. While the term "seed fly" might be used broadly, it often specifically references species within this family known for their agricultural significance.

Characteristics and Identification:

Adult seed flies are typically small to medium-sized flies, often greyish or brownish in colour. Identification to the species level often requires examination of minute details of their morphology, such as wing venation, bristle patterns, and the structure of their reproductive organs. Larvae are legless and cylindrical, adapted for burrowing into seeds.

Life Cycle and Behavior:

The life cycle of a seed fly usually involves several larval instars, followed by a pupal stage in the soil. Adult flies emerge to mate and lay eggs near or directly on developing seeds or seedlings. The larvae hatch and burrow into the seeds, feeding on the endosperm and embryo, which can hinder germination or kill the seedling entirely. The number of generations per year varies depending on the species and the climate.

Ecological and Economic Significance:

Seed flies can be significant agricultural pests, especially in regions where susceptible crops are grown intensively. Damage to seeds can result in reduced crop yields and necessitate the use of control measures, such as seed treatments or soil insecticides. Some species are more problematic than others, depending on their host plant preferences and distribution.

Control and Management:

Management strategies for seed flies often focus on preventative measures, such as planting treated seeds, rotating crops to disrupt the fly's life cycle, and promoting healthy soil conditions. In cases of severe infestation, insecticides may be applied, but their use should be carefully considered to minimize environmental impact and avoid harming beneficial insects. Biological control methods, such as the use of natural enemies like parasitic wasps, are also being investigated for some species.