Russian cross (religion)

The Russian cross, also known as the Orthodox cross, Eastern cross, or Suppedaneum cross, is a variation of the Christian cross and a significant symbol within the Russian Orthodox Church and other Eastern Orthodox Churches. It differs from the Latin cross (the most common Christian cross in Western Christianity) by the addition of two, and sometimes three, horizontal crossbeams.

The topmost horizontal beam represents the titulus or inscription placed above Jesus' head on the cross. This inscription typically read "INRI," an abbreviation for "Iesus Nazarenus, Rex Iudaeorum" (Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews).

The longer, central horizontal beam is the main crossbeam where Jesus' hands were nailed.

The slanted, bottom beam is the footrest, or suppedaneum. Its meaning is debated, but one popular interpretation is that it symbolizes the balance of justice. One end points upwards towards Heaven, representing the repentant thief crucified alongside Jesus who acknowledged his sin and was promised paradise. The other end points downwards, representing the unrepentant thief who reviled Jesus and was therefore condemned. Another interpretation connects it to the earthly and heavenly realms, or to the struggle between good and evil. The slant also can symbolize the turmoil and disruption surrounding the crucifixion.

While primarily associated with the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian cross is also used by other Eastern Orthodox Churches, particularly those with historical connections to Russia or that have adopted Russian liturgical practices. The usage and interpretation of the cross can vary slightly between different Orthodox traditions.