Milyukov

Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov (1859-1943) was a Russian historian and politician. He was a prominent leader of the Constitutional Democratic party (also known as the Kadets), a liberal political party in Russia.

Early Life and Career:

Milyukov was born in Moscow and educated at Moscow University, where he specialized in history. He became a professor of history, but was dismissed due to his liberal political views. He then traveled extensively, studying historical sources and engaging in political activities, advocating for constitutional reform in Russia.

Political Activities:

Milyukov was a central figure in the burgeoning liberal movement in Russia in the early 20th century. He played a key role in the formation of the Kadet party in 1905, becoming its leader and a prominent voice in the Duma (Russian parliament). The Kadets advocated for a constitutional monarchy, civil liberties, and social reforms.

Role in World War I and the February Revolution:

During World War I, Milyukov initially supported the war effort, but became increasingly critical of the Tsarist government's incompetence and corruption. As Foreign Minister in the Provisional Government formed after the February Revolution in 1917, he controversially advocated for continuing the war to its "victorious conclusion," including the acquisition of certain territories. This stance, outlined in the Milyukov Note, proved deeply unpopular and contributed to the government's instability. He was soon forced to resign.

Later Life and Exile:

Following the Bolshevik Revolution in October 1917, Milyukov opposed the Bolsheviks and briefly supported anti-Bolshevik forces during the Russian Civil War. However, he ultimately emigrated to Western Europe, settling in Paris. He continued to write and lecture on Russian history and politics, remaining a prominent voice in the Russian émigré community until his death in 1943.

Legacy:

Milyukov is remembered as a leading figure in the Russian liberal movement and a significant historian of Russia. His advocacy for constitutional reform and civil liberties had a lasting impact on Russian political thought. However, his support for continuing World War I as Foreign Minister proved to be a critical error that weakened the Provisional Government and paved the way for the Bolshevik seizure of power. His complex and often contradictory political trajectory continues to be a subject of historical debate.