Kleshas (Buddhism)

In Buddhism, kleshas (Sanskrit: क्लेश; Pali: kilesa) are mental states that cloud the mind and manifest in unwholesome actions. They are considered defilements, afflictions, or poisons that hinder spiritual progress and perpetuate the cycle of suffering (samsara). Overcoming the kleshas is a central aim of Buddhist practice, leading to liberation (nirvana).

The traditional list of the "three poisons" or "three root kleshas" are:

• Raga (Attachment/Greed/Desire): Clinging to pleasant experiences and craving for more, leading to dissatisfaction and suffering.
• Dvesha (Aversion/Hatred/Anger): Dislike, resentment, and hostility towards unpleasant experiences, resulting in negativity and destructive actions.
• Moha (Ignorance/Delusion): Lack of understanding of the true nature of reality, particularly the impermanence, suffering, and non-self (anatta) inherent in existence. This includes misunderstanding of karma and rebirth.

These three root kleshas give rise to a more extensive list of secondary kleshas. Different Buddhist traditions offer varying enumerations, but common examples include pride, conceit, envy, jealousy, stinginess, worry, shamelessness, recklessness, and distraction.

The process of eliminating kleshas typically involves practices such as:

• Mindfulness (Sati): Cultivating awareness of thoughts, feelings, and sensations without judgment.
• Meditation (Dhyana): Training the mind to develop concentration, insight, and equanimity.
• Ethical Conduct (Sila): Living in accordance with moral principles to avoid actions that reinforce negative mental states.
• Wisdom (Prajna): Developing a clear understanding of the nature of reality through study, reflection, and meditation.

Through consistent practice, one can gradually weaken the influence of the kleshas, ultimately leading to their complete eradication and the attainment of enlightenment. The removal of kleshas results in a mind free from suffering, characterized by compassion, wisdom, and peace.