Wei Yan

Wei Yan (died 234 AD), also known as Wei Changwen, was a prominent military general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Renowned for his bravery and martial prowess, Wei Yan served under Liu Bei and later Zhuge Liang, playing key roles in numerous battles and campaigns.

Initially serving under Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province, Wei Yan later defected to Liu Bei after the latter occupied Changsha. Despite some opposition from those who questioned his loyalty, Liu Bei recognized Wei Yan's talent and appointed him as a general.

Wei Yan distinguished himself in the battles for the conquest of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan), and later played a critical part in defending Hanzhong, a strategic region vital to Shu Han's security. His defense of Hanzhong was so successful that Liu Bei appointed him as the Administrator of Hanzhong after taking control of the region.

Following Liu Bei's death and Zhuge Liang's rise to power as the Imperial Chancellor, Wei Yan became an important member of Zhuge Liang's inner circle and participated in the Northern Expeditions against the rival state of Cao Wei. He frequently advocated for aggressive strategies, including a risky plan to attack Chang'an via the Ziwu Valley, which Zhuge Liang ultimately rejected.

Despite his military contributions, Wei Yan had a difficult personality and often clashed with other officials, particularly Yang Yi. This animosity ultimately led to his downfall. After Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi, acting under Zhuge Liang's alleged pre-arranged instructions (though their authenticity is debated), accused Wei Yan of treason. Wei Yan refused to submit and attempted to seize control of the army, but he was ultimately defeated and killed by Ma Dai, acting under Yang Yi's orders. His clan was also executed.

Wei Yan's historical reputation is complex. While acknowledged for his military abilities and loyalty to Shu Han, his perceived arrogance and the circumstances surrounding his death continue to be debated by historians. He remains a controversial figure in the history of the Three Kingdoms.