Shamal (wind)

The Shamal, also known as Shimal, is a northwesterly wind blowing over the Persian Gulf states, including Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates. The wind is often strong, carrying large amounts of dust and sand.

The Shamal occurs mainly in summer, though variations can occur at other times of the year. There are two main types: the summer Shamal and the winter Shamal. The summer Shamal, which is the more common and intense, is caused by strong pressure gradients between high pressure over the Arabian Peninsula and lower pressure over Iran and surrounding regions. These summer Shamals can last for several days at a time. The winter Shamals are typically shorter in duration and associated with synoptic weather systems passing over the region.

The Shamal can significantly reduce visibility, disrupt maritime activities, and impact air quality. The associated dust storms can have implications for human health, agriculture, and infrastructure.