Names of European cities in different languages (E–H)

This entry explores the variations in city names across different European languages, focusing on cities whose names, in English, begin with the letters E, F, G, and H. Many European cities have different names depending on the language spoken. These differences can stem from historical factors, linguistic evolution, or simply different pronunciations adapted to the phonology of each language. The list below provides examples of these variations, although it is not exhaustive.

E

• Edinburgh: (English) Dùn Èideann (Scottish Gaelic), Edinburg (German)
• Eindhoven: (English, Dutch) Eindhoven (Dutch), Eindhoven (German)
• Elsinore: (English) Helsingør (Danish)
• Erfurt: (English, German) Erfurt (German), Erfordia (Latin)
• Essen: (English, German) Essen (German), Esse (Latin)

F

• Florence: (English) Firenze (Italian), Florenz (German), Florence (French), Florentia (Latin)
• Frankfurt: (English) Frankfurt am Main (German), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French), Francofortum ad Moenum (Latin)
• Freiburg: (English, German) Freiburg im Breisgau (German), Fribourg-en-Brisgau (French), Friburgum Brisgoviae (Latin)

G

• Geneva: (English) Genève (French), Genf (German), Ginevra (Italian), Geneva (Latin)
• Genoa: (English) Genova (Italian), Gênes (French), Genua (German), Genua (Latin)
• Ghent: (English) Gent (Dutch), Gand (French), Ghent (German)
• Gothenburg: (English) Göteborg (Swedish), Gothembourg (French)
• Graz: (English, German) Graz (German), Gradec (Slovene)
• Grenoble: (English, French) Grenoble (French), Gratianopolis (Latin)

H

• The Hague: (English) Den Haag (Dutch), La Haye (French), Haga (Spanish), Hag (German)
• Hamburg: (English, German) Hamburg (German), Hamburgo (Spanish), Hambourg (French), Hamburgum (Latin)
• Hanover: (English) Hannover (German), Hanovre (French), Hanovera (Latin)
• Helsingborg: (English) Helsingborg (Swedish), Helsingør (Danish, another city)
• Helsinki: (English) Helsinki (Finnish), Helsingfors (Swedish)