Kungnyŏ

Kungnyŏ (Korean: 궁녀; Hanja: 宮女) refers to women serving in the Korean royal court during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) and earlier. The term encompasses a wide range of female personnel, from those who directly served the king and queen to those who performed various domestic tasks within the palaces. The specific roles and hierarchy within the kungnyŏ system were complex and highly structured.

Kungnyŏ were typically selected from commoner families, and their entry into the palace meant a life largely confined within its walls. Their duties varied depending on their rank and assigned department, which could include cooking, cleaning, sewing, serving the royal family, and managing the palace's resources. Advancement through the ranks was possible, often based on years of service, skill, and favor from superiors.

The kungnyŏ system played a significant role in the management and functioning of the royal court. These women were essential to the daily lives of the royal family and the overall operation of the palace complex. Their lives and experiences have been the subject of historical research and portrayed in various forms of Korean literature, drama, and film. While generally understood as "palace women," the specific duties and social standing of a kungnyŏ were determined by their individual role within the court system. Marriage was generally not permitted for those in the higher ranks.