Kerosene
Kerosene, also known as paraffin or paraffin oil, is a thin, clear liquid hydrocarbon mixture. It is primarily obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum. Kerosene is widely used as a fuel in aviation jet engines (Jet A and Jet A-1), as well as in domestic heaters and lamps.
Properties:
- Kerosene is typically a low-viscosity, combustible, and relatively non-volatile liquid.
- It has a characteristic odor and is usually colorless, though it may sometimes be slightly yellow.
- Its flash point is typically between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 149 °F).
- Kerosene is less flammable than gasoline but more flammable than fuel oil.
Uses:
- Aviation Fuel: The primary use of kerosene is as jet fuel. Jet A and Jet A-1 are specifically formulated kerosene-based fuels designed for use in gas turbine engines powering aircraft.
- Heating and Lighting: Kerosene is used in portable heaters and kerosene lamps, especially in regions where electricity is not readily available.
- Cooking: In some areas, kerosene is used as a cooking fuel in stoves and ranges, although this usage is declining.
- Cleaning Solvent: Kerosene can be used as a cleaning solvent for removing grease, oil, and other contaminants.
- Insecticide: Sometimes used as a component in certain insecticide formulations.
- Recreational uses: Kerosene is sometimes used by fire performers and jugglers because of its relatively low flame temperature.
Safety Considerations:
- Kerosene is flammable and should be handled with care. It should be stored in properly sealed containers and away from sources of ignition.
- Inhalation of kerosene vapors can cause respiratory irritation and dizziness. Prolonged exposure can lead to more serious health problems.
- Ingestion of kerosene can be very dangerous and requires immediate medical attention.
- Kerosene can cause skin irritation upon contact.
Production:
Kerosene is produced by fractional distillation of crude oil. It is typically the fraction that boils between 150 and 275 °C (302 and 527 °F). After distillation, kerosene may undergo further treatment to remove impurities and improve its properties.