Ramanuja
Ramanuja (c. 1017 – 1137 CE) was a Hindu philosopher, theologian, and social reformer, considered one of the most important exponents of the Sri Vaishnavism tradition within Hinduism. He is revered as an Acharya (teacher) by Sri Vaishnavas.
Ramanuja is best known for his articulation of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, a non-dualistic school of philosophy that emphasizes the qualified unity of Brahman (the ultimate reality). In Vishishtadvaita, Brahman is not without attributes (nirguna) as posited by Advaita Vedanta, but rather possesses infinite auspicious qualities (saguna). Individual souls (jivas) and the material world (prakriti) are real but inseparable parts of Brahman, like attributes of a substance. Liberation (moksha) is achieved through devotion (bhakti) and surrender (prapatti) to Vishnu, the supreme deity.
His philosophical contributions challenged the prevailing Advaita Vedanta of Adi Shankaracharya, arguing that Shankaracharya's concept of an impersonal Brahman undermined the possibility of genuine devotion and meaningful ethics. Ramanuja argued that the world and individual souls are not illusory but are real and integral parts of Brahman.
Ramanuja's key works include:
- Sri Bhashya: A commentary on the Brahma Sutras, the foundational text of Vedanta philosophy. This is considered his magnum opus.
- Vedartha Sangraha: A concise summary of the Vedic teachings from a Vishishtadvaita perspective.
- Vedanta Sara: A shorter commentary on the Brahma Sutras.
- Vedanta Dipa: Another, even shorter commentary on the Brahma Sutras.
- Gita Bhashya: A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita, interpreting it through the lens of Vishishtadvaita.
His teachings and writings have had a profound and lasting impact on Hinduism, particularly within the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Ramanuja also advocated for social equality and challenged caste-based discrimination, making temples accessible to all regardless of their social background. He is considered a major figure in the Bhakti movement. His legacy continues to inspire millions worldwide.